1, the definition of obesity: - Obesity refers to long-term energy intake over consumption, resulting in excessive energy in the body to the formation of fat storage, fat accumulation to the extent of damage to health. Obesity is not the same thing as overweight, which is an increase in fat tissue in the body, whereas overweight is an increase in weight relative to height or exceeding certain standards and reference values. Obesity is a disease caused by many factors, and affects the health of individuals, resulting in many adverse social consequences. 95% of children belong to simple obesity, simple childhood obesity refers to the exclusion of congenital genetic diseases and metabolic diseases and neurological and endocrine diseases caused by secondary pathological obesity, but simply caused by a certain behavioral factors. - The obesity of the human body is a "civilization disease" in the modern society with highly developed material civilization. Obesity is a phenomenon caused by the accumulation of too much fat in the human body, and is not considered to be a sign of "health". Obesity not only affects physical beauty, but also brings inconvenience to life, and more importantly, it is easy to cause a variety of complications, accelerate aging and death. No wonder some people say that obesity is a harbinger of disease, a sign of aging.
2, the current social obesity situation: - The increasing childhood obesity has become a global public health problem. Childhood obesity is rising rapidly in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO report, the global child overweight rate is close to 10%, obesity rate is 2% to 3%; The overweight rate of children in developed countries in Europe and the United States is as high as 20%-30%, and the obesity rate is 5%-15%. In the past 15 years, the total overweight and obesity rate of children and adolescents in the low socioeconomic status group increased from 10.4% to 29.3%, an increase of two times, while the overweight and obesity rate in the high socioeconomic status group increased from 13.0 to 21.7%, an increase of less than double. - The rate of childhood obesity in China is also increasing year by year. The fastest growth has been in the South, where obesity rates have increased 9.6 times for boys and 4.9 times for girls in some areas over the past 15 years. China's childhood obesity rate is higher in cities than in rural areas, and the population of socioeconomic status has a higher growth rate of obesity, which is contrary to developed countries. In 2000, the obesity rate of urban men and women aged 7-22 was 5.72% and 2.94% respectively. In rural areas, it is 1.90% and 1.15% respectively, and there is a significant difference between urban and rural areas.
3, the harm of obesity: - Obesity not only makes people bloated and overburdened, but also leads to hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart ischemia, lower limb joint strain and other diseases, but also brings extremely adverse psychological effects to people. Therefore, in recent years, medical experts and scholars at home and abroad are studying and looking for effective ways to lose weight. -
(1) The enemy of health and longevity According to statistics, the incidence of cerebral embolism and heart failure in obese people is twice as high as that of normal weight people, coronary heart disease is twice as high as that of normal weight people, the incidence of hypertension is 2 to 6 times as high as that of normal weight people, people with diabetes are about 4 times higher than normal people, people with cholelithiasis are 4 to 6 times higher than normal people, and what is more serious is that the life span of obese people will be significantly shortened. It is reported that the life expectancy of 45-year-old men who are 10% overweight is four years shorter than that of normal weight people. According to Japanese statistics, the standard mortality rate is 100%, and the mortality rate of obese men is 127.9%. -
(2) Prone to coronary heart disease and hypertension, obesity increased adipose tissue, increased oxygen consumption, the heart does a large amount of work, so that myocardial hypertrophy, especially the left ventricular burden increased, easy to induce hypertension over time. Lipid deposition in the artery wall, resulting in lumen stenosis, hardening, prone to coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, stroke and sudden death. --
(3) Affect the labor force, vulnerable to trauma - people with obesity are often afraid of heat, sweating, fatigue, lower limb edema, varicose veins, skin wrinkles, dermatitis, etc., severely obese people, slow action, walking activities are difficult, a little activity on the panic shortness of breath, resulting in normal life, serious and even lead to loss of labor force. Due to the slow response of obese people, they are also vulnerable to various injuries, car accidents, fractures and sprains.
(4) Prone to endocrine and metabolic diseases - metabolic and endocrine abnormalities caused by obesity can often cause a variety of diseases. Abnormal glucose metabolism can lead to diabetes, abnormal fat metabolism can lead to hyperlipidemia, abnormal nucleic acid metabolism can lead to hyperuricemia and so on. Abnormal menstruation can be caused by ovarian dysfunction in obese women. -
(5) Have adverse effects on lung function The role of lung function is to supply oxygen to the whole body and expel carbon dioxide. Obese people need more oxygen due to weight gain, but the lungs can not increase function, and the accumulation of abdominal fat in obese people limits the respiratory movement of the lungs, so it can cause hypoxia and breathing difficulties, and finally lead to cardiopulmonary failure. -
(6) Easy to cause liver and bile diseases - due to the hyperinsulinemia of obese people, their endogenous triglyceride synthesis is hyperactive, which will cause the accumulation of triglycerides synthesized in the liver to form fatty liver. Compared with normal people, the cholesterol content in bile acids increases, exceeding the solubility in bile, so obese people are prone to a high proportion of cholesterol stones, and 50-80% of women with cholelithiasis are reported to be obese. At the time of surgery, about 30% of highly obese people have gallstones. Cholelithiasis is more common in obese women over the age of 40, who are about six times more likely to have gallstones than women of normal weight. -
(7) It will increase the difficulty of surgery and postoperative infection - obese people will increase the risk of anesthesia, the wound is easy to open after surgery, and the chance of infection with hypostatic pneumonia and other complications is more than that of non-obese people. -
(8) Can cause joint lesions - weight gain can make many joints (such as spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, foot joints) wear or tear and cause pain.
4 Etiology and risk factors
(1) Genetic factors - genes play an important role in the development of obesity. Studies have shown that the heritability of body fat and its distribution is as high as 65% to 80%, which is comparable to the heritability of height. At present, more than 200 gene loci have been found to be related to the occurrence of obesity, and multi-gene participation and interaction with the environment are the causes of obesity in most people. From the perspective of human evolution, the reason for the significant increase in the incidence of diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and other diseases is that our internal genetic spectrum is not adapted to the environment we live in today. Our ancestors have always endured the threat of lack of food and hunger during the evolution process of millions of years. Humans developed a response system to deal with hunger; On the contrary, after human hunger is relieved, the body has not formed an effective mechanism to combat these changes, which leads to an increased incidence of corresponding diseases (such as obesity). -
(2) Excessive energy intake and low physical activity - Nowadays, people have more and more food, and the consequent change of low physical activity lifestyle is also an external factor leading to the increase in obesity. Watching TV and playing video games have a strong correlation with the occurrence of obesity in children and adolescents, and watching TV is often accompanied by snacking behavior, which increases energy intake while reducing energy expenditure. It was found that children who watched TV for 1 hour a day and played video games increased their risk of obesity by 12%, and children who watched TV for more than 3 hours a day had a obesity rate of 31.2%. In addition, with the use of organic and inorganic chemical materials, the human living environment has changed. Some chemicals (such as certain pesticides, plant hormones, synthetic detergents, petroleum products, etc.) can cause weight loss in large doses, but small doses can cause weight gain. Chemical poisons may be associated with the increasing incidence of obesity, but the mechanism needs to be further confirmed. -
(3) Low birth weight and high birth weight - Low birth weight children are malnourished due to the intrauterine environment during the foetus, reducing the nutrient supply of internal organs in order to ensure the growth of vital organs such as the brain. The adaptation of internal organs to a low level of metabolism leads to potential abnormalities in the development of internal organs. In an environment of relative excess nutrition after birth, growth catch-up may lead to imbalances in internal organ function, metabolic disorders, and metabolic diseases characterized by insulin resistance such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. High birth weight is also an important risk factor for childhood obesity. In 2001, an obesity survey of nearly 10,000 children aged 6-8 years in Beijing found that with the increase of birth weight, the rate of aggravating obesity rose linearly. After reaching or exceeding 4000g, more than 1/3 of children were overweight and obese. From the perspective of obesity degree, low birth weight children were mainly mild obesity, while high birth weight children were mostly moderate and severe. --
5, swimming is the safest, most effective, the most ideal means of weight loss: - the world's medical scientists, sports health experts, after years of tracking and research that: obese people, in a variety of weight loss methods, the most safe and effective means of weight loss is exercise; Among all kinds of sports, the best exercise to lose weight is swimming. According to domestic and foreign experts believe that the most effective means to fight against obesity is to increase the energy consumption of the human body.
(1) When swimming, because the density of water is greater than that of air (more than 800 times), running 100 meters on land consumes about 146.3 kilojoules of heat, and swimming 100 meters in water consumes 271.7 kilojoules of heat. -
(2) The thermal conductivity of water is 25 times larger than the air, the water temperature of the swimming place is much lower than the body temperature, generally more than 10 ° C lower, therefore, the fat person is immersed in the water and does not move, but also loses more heat. Tests have shown that the heat emitted by staying in 12℃ water for 4 minutes is equivalent to the heat emitted by the same temperature on land for 1 hour. -
(3) Plus swimming is a systemic aerobic exercise. When swimming, the large muscle groups of the whole body are exercised, so the fat person's swimming body consumes much more calories than the exercise on land, which can burn off excess body fat more quickly. According to the tests, the energy expenditure of different swimming styles is different. Backstroke consumes 12.5 kilojoules per minute, breaststroke 22.2 kilojoules per minute and freestyle 54.3 kilojoules per minute. It can be seen that in the same time and intensity of exercise, water consumes much more energy than on land, and these calories mainly come from the consumption of sugar and fat in the body. --
6, children swimming weight loss methods: - The treatment of childhood obesity is different from adult obesity, children have the characteristics of growth and development, any measure should not hinder the normal growth and development of children, so surgical removal of fat, drug weight loss, hunger therapy is not suitable for use in children. At present, the most suitable treatment for childhood obesity at home and abroad is the integrated treatment program including behavior modification, diet adjustment and exercise. -
(1) Behavior modification - The most effective psychobehavioral therapy for a variety of pediatric behavior disorders is behavior modification technology, and the same is true for pediatric obesity, which is closely related to behavior. Systematic, comprehensive and long-term use of positive reinforcement (reward), negative reinforcement, substitute reinforcement (parental role model) and other behavior correction techniques to manage the exercise and eating behavior of obese children is the main means to control the weight gain of children. Reward children's exercise behavior and strictly limit children's access to high-calorie, high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods; Limiting time spent watching TV and playing video games is particularly important these days. -
(2) Diet therapy - First of all, reasonable allocation of three meals a day, breakfast accounted for 33% of the total food throughout the day, lunch accounted for 45%, dinner accounted for 20%. Dietary adjustment should focus on balanced diet. The caloric calorie calculation method is imprecise and difficult to implement, the most practical and effective way is to reduce the intake of high energy foods and high glycemic index foods on the current basis. For children with a large amount of staple food, the amount of staple food should be limited, each meal should be reduced by 1/3, gradually to reduce 1/2, and eat slowly, through the above dietary adjustment, it will not cause damage to children's growth, but it is impossible to have obvious effects in the short term. A 6-7 year old child, even if you do not eat anything, it will take 3-4 days to lose 1kg weight, so parents should be persistent, let the child adhere to diet adjustment. -
(3) Exercise treatment - Exercise prescription for obese children requires exercise intensity to reach 50%-60% of the individual maximum oxygen consumption, that is, moderate intensity exercise, or 50%-60% of the maximum heart rate, and generally the pulse of 150 times /min is more appropriate, this intensity will not make the child too tired, but also effectively consume body fat. It can also act as an appetite suppressant. Too much exercise is not conducive to the health of children, and too little exercise, not only less energy consumption, but also increase appetite, can not achieve weight loss. The daily amount of exercise accumulated 40-60min, 5 days a week, to effectively lose weight. Generally adhere to 2-3 months, obesity will be reduced. -
Studies have shown that if fat people swim for 45 minutes a day and do not increase the amount of diet, their weight will be reduced by about 350 grams. If you can insist on swimming for more than four months, 15% to 20% of the overweight obese people can basically return to normal weight, and the body shape will become symmetrical, muscles will be more solid and strong.